Female orgasmic disorder is a sexual dysfunctional disorder characterized by a marked delay in, marked infrequency of, or absence of orgasm as well as markedly reduced intensity of orgasmic sensations. This means that the female has a significant delay, infrequent, and absence of orgasm, and reduced intensity of orgasmic sensations. The symptoms of which should have persisted for at least six (6) months and caused clinically significant distress in the individual.

It is reported that about 10% to 42% of females have orgasmic problems depending on multiple factors such as age, culture, duration, and severity of symptoms. Approximately 10% of women do not experience orgasm throughout their lifetime. Female orgasmic disorder can be lifelong or acquired. A lifelong female orgasmic disorder indicates that the orgasmic difficulties have always been present, whereas the acquired subtype would be assigned if the woman’s orgasmic difficulties developed after a period of normal orgasmic functioning.

CAUSES/RISK FACTORS

Female orgasmic disorder has no single cause several factors may contribute to the disorder

• Psychological factors, such as anxiety and concerns about pregnancy, can potentially interfere with a woman’s ability to experience orgasm.
• Relationship problems
• Physical health problems such as diabetes, multiple sclerosis, pelvic nerve damage from radical hysterectomy, and spinal cord injury.
• Women with vulvovaginal atrophy (characterized by symptoms such as vaginal dryness, itching, and pain) are significantly more likely to report orgasm difficulties than are women without this condition
• mental health conditions, such as depression or anxiety
• Sociocultural factors (e.g. gender role expectations, sexual experience, and religious beliefs)
• History of sexual abuse
• Poor body image

TREATMENT

• The treatment basically depends on the cause.
• Increase clitoral stimulation during sexual intercourse
• Treatment of any underlying medical conditions
• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) or Sex Therapy
• Couples Therapy: the couple has the opportunity to strengthen their communication skills, listening, emotional expression, and resolve any conflict that may influence the disorder.

References

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.

Laan, E., Rellini, A.H.& Barnes, T. (2013). Standard operating procedures for female orgasmic disorder: Consensus of the International Society for Sexual Medicine. The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 10(1):74-82

Terminologies in the general medical practice have often seen moderate improvement over the years with respect to translation into the various local languages. This has helped in the effective communication between health professionals and clients/patients. For nurses especially those who often communicate with the patient, this is very vital in situations where patients do not understand the English language.

Unlike in general medical practice, the issue in psychiatry is different. A lot of terminologies in psychiatry have not been translated into our local languages, especially Akan. This has been one of the major setbacks in the field of psychiatry in Ghana. As a result of this, communicating diagnosis, history taking becomes challenging sometimes. For psychiatric nurses that do health education, it becomes a major issue communicating psychiatric terminologies in our local languages to our clients and the public.

In light of this, the Mental Health Authority (MHA) together with other stakeholders is embarking on a translation of mental health terminologies into Akan (Twi) to help in effective communication between health professionals and clients/public. This started in 2018 with various mental health and language experts to translate mental health terminologies into Twi.

On 22^nd December 2020, the MHA had a stakeholder meeting to validate the work done so far with representatives from the Ghana Psychological Council, Ghana Psychological Association, Ghana Prison’s Service, NGO’s in mental health, Ankaful Psychiatric Hospital, Accra Psychiatric Hospital, and Pantang Psychiatric Hospital, Ghana Health Service, Health Facilities Regulatory Agency (HeFRA), Media Houses.

According to the MHA a date for a second stakeholders meeting will be communicated soon.

SOURCE: MHA

The World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended that persons with mild symptoms of COVID-19 should be managed at home. Such persons, according to WHO’s prescription must constantly keep in touch with health care professionals. This recommendation certainly cannot apply to psychiatric patients here in Ghana where the understanding of mental illness to many is largely rooted in the spiritual realm with its accompanying stigma. Persons who have recovered from COVID-19 illness are being stigmatized in society and in the case of persons with mental illness, it is going to be double agony. [appbox googleplay screenshots com.nursinginghana.licensurequizgame] Imagine taking care of a psychiatric patient at the isolation centres. Imagine that the patient is manic and aggressive. The sight of your PPE regalia in a ghost resemblance is enough to provoke him to attack you. Here comes the problem where most general hospitals pay less attention to psychiatric patients when they find their way to the general hospital. Having worked at the Out Patient Department (OPD) for more than half a decade until 6th January 2020 when I departed to a different ward in respect of reshuffling rituals, I have practically seen and heard all the ‘inhuman things’ done to psychiatric patients outside the walls of the Psychiatric Hospitals. In 2016, a diabetic patient was wrongly diagnosed and tagged with mental illness at the general hospital and referred to Ankaful Psychiatric Hospital for further management. Upon arrival, the nurses in executing their routine checks discovered that the patient’s random blood sugar (RBS) was high, hitting around 30mmol/L (can’t remember the exact value). The restlessness the patient exhibited at that moment, which was a predictable reason for the referral wasn’t the priority of the healthcare team. At least in the extreme case, physical restrain could be employed. The health team knew the implication and complications of the high sugar level in the blood and was more focused on controlling the high sugar level rather than the minor psychiatric symptoms the patient was exhibiting. No one knew how long the patient had lived with such high sugar level. Neither was the patient able to tell. All psychiatric medications brought from the referral facility was suspended. [appbox googleplay screenshots com.nursinginghana.licensurequizgame] Eventually, the patient’s sugar level was brought under control after days of treatment on detention. The restlessness, both physical and emotion disappeared. It was all joy to the health team, especially the nurses. It is not everyone who comes to the psychiatric hospital needs psychiatric medications. Again, restlessness could be precipitated by a medication condition. The patient was subsequently discharged home on antidiabetics, not antipsychotics (psychiatric medications). Most general hospitals will refer cases to psychiatric hospitals in the least quasi psychiatric symptoms the patient exhibits without due diligence of assessment. There was another case last year, where a woman was involved in RTA and had multiple fractures at the lower limbs. At the general ward after days on admission, it was discovered by the health team that the patient had psychiatric history and was seeking treatment at Ankaful Psychiatric Hospital even though she exhibited no sign or symptom to suggest so at the general hospital. Surprisingly this revelation was enough cause to abandon the patient for 7 good days. Her wound was not being dressed, no bathing. She was referred to Ankaful Psychiatric Hospital with the complaint that the patient complaints anytime they wanted to dress her wound and sometimes refuses to cooperate. The patient refuted all the allegations and narrated how they had abandoned her to her fate. The accompanying nurse and the ambulance driver were made to standby. The patient was given a thorough bath, dressed in a new cloth, wounds dressed by the nurses. A doctor referred her back to the same facility. The story goes on and on, too many to even write a book, perhaps with the title “The Ordeal of Psychiatric Patients at The General Hospital”. This brings to question the essence of psychiatric affiliation for both doctors and general nurses. With the advent of the new mental health law in 2012 (Act 846) which emphasis on decentralization of mental healthcare, more psychiatric nurses have been deployed to almost all health facilities in Ghana. Their duties, among other things are to provide mental healthcare at the primary level and manage cases at the hospital as well. The law stipulates that every health facility must have at least a psychiatric unit for psychiatric nurses to execute their duties. Sadly, some of the Psychiatric Nurses are made to work on the wards at the general hospitals, including even teaching hospitals, oblivion to their core mandate to deliver mental healthcare. Some of them are not even consulted when a psychiatric patient is brought to the facility, talk less of consulting them before referral So in the face of COVID-19, what is the fate of psychiatric patients in lock down in cities? Have there been any plans for protecting the psychiatric patients on the streets of Greater Accra and Greater Kumasi? Are there going to be special isolation centers for psychiatric patients in the charge of psychiatric nurses and doctors or they are going to be in the ordinary? If minor psychiatric cases are not managed well at some general hospitals how much more when they have COVID-19? How will persons living with mental illness be treated at the isolation centers? Giving the aforementioned instances of the ordeal of mental patients in the hands of some general hospitals, the narrative will not change if they are left in the hands of the ordinary health personnel who do not appreciate the content of mental illness. Every psychiatric nurse should be considered as frontline health worker in the face of COIV-19 to able to manage persons living with mental illness both on the street, at the psychiatric hospitals and at the isolation centers. [appbox googleplay screenshots com.nursinginghana.licensurequizgame] Any other health professionals cannot cope with the antics of a psychiatric patient other than the psychiatric nurse who have been trained to understand the psychiatric patient. Malcolm A. Ali RNM (Ankaful Psychiatric Hospital) chibaronet@gmail.com